+14Kontinente:ASAFNASA
2. Biologie
2.1. Nahrung der Raupe
- [Amaranthaceae: Betoideae:] Beta vulgaris (Futter-Rübe)
- [Amaranthaceae: Chenopodioideae:] Atriplex hortensis
- [Amaranthaceae: Chenopodioideae:] Atriplex sp. (Melde)
- [Amaranthaceae: Chenopodioideae:] Chenopodium quinoa (Quinoa)
- [Amaranthaceae: Chenopodioideae:] Chenopodium sp. (Gänsefuß)
- [Amaranthaceae: Chenopodioideae:] Dysphania ambrosioides [= Chenopodium ambrosioides] (Mexikanischer Drüsengänsefuß, Wohlriechender Gänsefuß, Epazote)
- [Amaranthaceae: Amaranthoideae:] Amaranthus sp. (Fuchsschwanz)
- [Amaranthaceae: Gomphrenoideae:] Alternanthera philoxeroides (Alligatorkraut)
- [Apiaceae:] Daucus carota (Speise-Möhre)
- [Rosaceae:] Rubus sp. ("Blackberry")
- [Solanaceae:] Solanum melongena (Aubergine)
- [Solanaceae:] Solanum trilobatum
- [Asteraceae:] Ambrosia sp. (Ambrosie)
- [Brassicaceae:] Brassica sp. (Kohl)
- [Fabaceae:] Glycine max (Sojabohne)
- [Poaceae:] Saccharum officinarum (Zuckerrohr)
Die Art scheint eine Vorliebe für Amaranthaceae unterschiedlicher Unterfamilien zu haben, ansonsten aber polyphag zu sein. Sie gilt als landwirtschaftlicher Schädling.
[bugguide.net (abgefragt 19. Oktober 2022)] fasst zusammen: "larvae are generalist feeders of several plant families including Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Hydrangeaceae, Leguminosae, Rubiaceae, Solanaceae, and others (HOSTS database)." Die Liste der genannten Datenbank ist sicher stark fehlerbehaftet, da hier ungeprüft alle Meldungen übernommen wurden - an der Polyphagie der Raupe ist aber wohl nicht zu zweifeln.
Diez-Rodríguez et al. (2013) notierten in ihrem einführenden Teil: "The plant genus Rubus includes many types of fruits, including the blackberry. The blackberry plant is a flowering shrub that thrives in temperate regions and is suitable for cultivation on small farms. In the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) in southern Brazil, blackberries are widely produced [...] In addition, the leaf-eating larvae of Herpetogramma bipunctalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), commonly known as the southern beet webworm, have been observed on blackberry farms in southern RS. In 2010, the population size of H. bipunctalis in the state was the largest in March and April, and smallest in November (Diez-Rodríguez et al., 2010). Larvae of H. bipunctalis cause damage by feeding on blackberry leaves, which curl as a form of protection, resulting in early senescence (leaf drop) (Nava, DE. Personal communication). [...] Females of H. bipunctalis lay groups of 4-5 eggs on the abaxial surface of leaves. Last-instar H. bipunctalis larvae can be as long as 19 mm. They are translucent and yellow to greenish-gray, with dark heads. H. bipunctalis pupae are brown, 10 mm long, and can be found inside curled leaves or amid plant debris on the ground (King and Saunders, 1984). Herpetogramma bipunctalis occurs from the United States to South America and is an important pest in the Caribbean region, where it causes damage to Beta vulgaris L. (Chenopodiaceae) and Daucus carota L. (Apidaceae [sic!]). Species of the genus Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae) are among the principal hosts of H. bipunctalis (King and Saunders, 1984). In Bolivia and Peru, H. bipunctalis is a pest of Chenopodium quinoa Willd. (Amaranthaceae) (Rasmussen et al., 2003). In Uruguay, Biezanko et al. (1974) reported the presence of H. bipunctalis on other species of the family Amaranthaceae, such as Atriplex hortensis L. and Chenopodium ambrosioides L., as well as on B. vulgaris. H. bipunctalis has also been found on sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum, Poaceae) in Peru (Ayquipa and Cueva, 1979) and in Florida, U.S.A. (Hall, 1988). In Brazil, H. bipunctalis has been observed on chard and beet crops (Silva et al., 1968). However, there are no reports of H. bipunctalis on blackberry bushes."
Subramoniam et al. (2018) berichten in ihrer Einführung aus Indien, wohin die Art aus Amerika verschleppt worden sein muss (wenn die Determination der Falter korrekt war): "Herpetogramma bipunctalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Spilomelinae: Crambidae: Lepidoptera) is one of the defoliating insect pests of plants belonging to the family Solanaceae. It had been observed on a wide range of hosts - dicotyledonous Amaranthus sp. and Brassica sp., as well as monocotyledonous ones viz., Xanthosoma spp. and Asparagus sp. (Allyson, 1984; Solis, 2006). The present study observed a new host record for this pest in Solanum trilobatum L. (Solanaceae). This is an important medicinal plant distributed throughout the Indo-Malaysian regions and southern India, and documented in traditional medicine (Desingu et al., 2013)."
Lara-Villalón et al. (2014) berichten aus Mexiko, dass dort Raupen an der invasiven Alternanthera philoxeroides gefunden wurden. Sie hoffen auf " a potential use for biological control of this and other invasive weeds".
Handfield & Handfield (2021: 178) trugen zusammen: "The larva feeds on cultivated beets (Chenopodiaceae), cauliflower and cabbage (Brassicaceae), cabbage (Brassicaceae) and weeds, also feeds especially on species of Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae), eggplant (Solanum melongena [Solanaceae]) and beet (Beta vulgaris [Amaranthaceae]) (Allyson 1984). Specimens in the USNM were reared from Amaranthus sp., Ambrosia sp. (Asteraceae) and soybean (Glycine max [Fabaceae]) (J. D. Lafontaine, personal communication, October 2018). The species seems to have found a new hostplant and feed on the invasive Alternanthera philoxeroides (Amaranthacea) [sic!] in Florida and neighboring States (Heppner 2003); it attacks the parts of the plant that are above the water level (Lara-Villalón et al. 2014). As the moth is migratory in Canada, there is no special habitat in Canada, but it is generally found in open areas."
3. Weitere Informationen
3.1. Andere Kombinationen
- Phalaena 2punctalis Fabricius, 1794 [Originalkombination]
- Phalaena bipunctalis Fabricius, 1794
3.2. Synonyme
- Botys detritalis Guenée, 1854 [Synonym nach Slamka (2013: 137)]
- Botys lycialis Walker, 1859 [Synonym nach Slamka (2013: 137)]
- Botys philealis Walker, 1859 [Synonym nach Slamka (2013: 137)]
- Botys repetitalis Grote, 1882 [Synonym nach Slamka (2013: 137)]
- Botys terricolalis Möschler, [1882] [Synonym nach Slamka (2013: 137)]
- Acharana simplex Warren, 1892
- Herpetogramma simplex (Warren, 1892)
3.3. Taxonomie und Faunistik
Die Art wurde von Fabricius (1794: 232) aus "Americae Insulis" [West Indies] beschrieben. Auch alle gelisteten Synonyme haben ihre Typenfundorte in Amerika. Nach Slamka (2013: 137) wurde die Art auch aus Nigeria gemeldet, wohin sie verschleppt worden sein könnte (wenn die Bestimmung stimmt). Wichtig: "The data from Canary Islands belong to H. dorsipunctalis."
3.4. Typenmaterial
Nach Solis (2010: 453) soll sich der Holotypus im Zoological Museum, Copenhagen, befinden. Sie selbst legte für mehrere Synonyme Lectotypen und Paralectotypen fest.
(Autor: Erwin Rennwald)
3.5. Literatur
- Diez-Rodríguez, G.I., Hübner, L.K., Antunes, L.E.C. & D.E. Nava (2013): Herpetogramma bipunctalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) biology and techniques for rearing on leaves of the blackberry (Rubus spp., Rosaceae). Biologia e técnica de criação de Herpetogramma bipunctalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) em folhas de amoreira-preta (Rubus spp., Rosaceae). — Brazilian Journal of Biology, 73 (1):179-84. doi: 10.1590/s1519-69842013000100019. [PDF auf scielo.br]
- Erstbeschreibung: Fabricius, J. C. (1794): Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta. Secundum classes, ordines, genera, species adjectis synonimis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus 3 (2): 1-349. Hafniae (C. G. Proft, Fil. et Soc.). — Digitalisat der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek München: [232].
- Handfield, L. & D. Handfield (2021): A revision of the Canadian species of the Genus Herpetogramma Lederer, 1863 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae: Herpetogrammatini), with descriptions of three new species. — Bonn zoological Bulletin, 70 (1): 173–199. [PDF auf zoologicalbulletin.de] bzw. [PDF auf zobodat.at]
- Lara-Villalón, M., Mora-Olivo, A., Sánchez-Ramos, G. & J.G. Martínez-Ávalos (2014): Registro de Herpetogramma bipunctalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Crambidae) sobre la invasora Alternanthera philoxeroides (Amaranthaceae) en Tamaulipas, México. Record of Herpetogramma bipunctalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae: Crambidae) on the invasive Alternanthera philoxeroides (Amaranthaceae) in Tamaulipas, Mexico. — Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, 85: 621-623. DOI: 10.7550/rmb.40428. [zum PDF-Download auf elsevier.es]
- Slamka, F. (2013): Pyraloidea of Europe (Lepidoptera). Volume 3. Pyraustinae & Spilomelinae. Identification - Distribution - Habitat - Biology. — 357 S., 133 Taf. mit Genitalabb., 31 Farbtaf. mit fast 1100 Bildern – Bratislava (Eigenverlag František Slamka).
- Solis, M.A. (2010): North American Herpetogramma Lederer, 1863 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Type specimens and identity of species in the United States and Canada. — Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 112 (3): 451–463. [PDF auf naldc.nal.usda.gov]
- Subramoniam, A., Chitra, A. & A. Prakash (2018): Biology of Herpetogramma bipunctalis (Fabricius) with descriptions of larval chaetotaxy. — Indian Journal of Entomology, 80 (4): 1420-1426. [zum PDF-Download auf researchgate.net]
