1. Lebendfotos
1.1. Falter
2. Diagnose
2.1. Männchen
2.2. Weibchen
2.3. Genitalien
2.3.1. Männchen
2.3.2. Weibchen
2.4. Erstbeschreibung
3. Biologie
3.1. Habitat
3.2. Nahrung der Raupe
- [Solanaceae:] Capsicum annuum (Paprika)
- [Solanaceae:] Solanum melongena (Aubergine)
- [Fabaceae:] Phaseolus vulgaris (Bohne)
- [Cucurbitaceae:] Cucumis sativus (Gurke)
Die europäischen Nachweise scheinen bisher überwiegend mit Paprika in Verbindung zu stehen; die Raupe wurde in Spanien aber auch an Auberginen, Bohnen und Gurken gefunden. In Amerika gilt sie - wie schon ihr englischer Name ("omnivorous leafroller") sagt - als hochgradig polyphag.
4. Weitere Informationen
4.1. Synonyme
- Platynota chiquitana Barnes & Busck, 1920
4.2. Faunistik
Groenen & Baixeras (2013) berichteten erstmals über Nachweise in Spanien und damit Europa.
Nach Gilligan (2020: 22) stammt die Art ursprünglich aus Mexiko und möglicherweise noch dem Südwesten der Vereinigten Staaten. Dort begann dann die Ausbreitung und von Nordamerika ging auch die Verschleppung nach Europa aus: "Powell and Brown [104] provide a detailed account for this species. A native of Mexico and possibly the southwestern U.S., P. stultana was introduced into California sometime around 1898. It greatly expanded its geographic range northwards in the 1960s. At the same time, it expanded its host range onto many nonnative plants [105], including important crops, and has now become an important pest of grapes and greenhouse plants [94]. It was reported from Florida in the 1940s, where it is apparently established [106]. Platynota stultana has been recorded from California, Arizona, Hawaii, Texas, Florida, Mexico, and there are sporadic records from other U.S. states, although it is probably not established elsewhere. This species was reported on peppers in Spain in 2009, and Groenen and Baixeras [107] documented its presence in that country as early as 2005."
In Spanien scheint die Art mittlerweile fest etabliert zu sein, so dass von dort aus mit Paprikaschoten auch Verschleppungen in andere Länder Europas ausgehen können. Die beiden bisherigen Nachweise aus Deutschland erfolgten jedenfalls nachweislich auf genau diesem Wege.
- [Bayern, Augsburg, gefunden im Haus beim Aufschneiden einer roten Spitzpaprika (aus biologischem Anbau, Herkunftsland: Spanien), 28. Juni 2020, Volker Simon, det. per GU Friedmar Graf]
- [Nordrhein-Westfalen, Gevelsberg, Raupe im gelben Paprika aus Spanien am 2. Juli 2021 gefunden, Falterschlupf 18. Juli 2021, Ernst Herkenberg]
[Korycinska & Eyre (Defra) (2013)] fassten zu Europa zusammen: "In Europe, P. stultana has been detected in two regions in Spain, where it is thought to have been present since about 2005. In Almería it has been recorded on crops of pepper (Capsicum annuum), aubergine (Solanum melongena), green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus). In Murcia, no economic damage has been reported. Control measures are currently being applied against the pest in both regions. Platynota stultana has been intercepted in the USA on two consignments of sweet peppers exported from Spain in December 2011." Und dann wird auch ein Nachweis in Großbritannien erwähnt: "In the UK, the single nursery outbreak in 2004 was eradicated, and P. stultana is no longer found in this country. The distribution of the species in North America (excluding East coast records) suggests that P. stultana is not likely to be able to survive outdoors overwinter in the UK; but experimental developmental threshold temperatures for this species are similar to other tortricids that are capable of overwintering in the UK." Letzteres gilt sicher auch für Mitteleuropa.
Die Nachweise von Friedmar Graf beim Lichtfang in Apulien am 13. August und 5. September 2020 ließen vermuten, dass die Art mittlerweile auch in Italien etabliert sein könnte. Trematerra & Colacci (2022) nahmen die Lepiforumsmeldung zum Anlass, dort weiter nach der Art zu suchen: "Lepiforum e. V. (2022) also reported a record related to Italy: “Italien, Apulien, Saline bei Zapponeta, 0 m, 41.428107, 16.006983, 13 August und 5 September 2020, am Licht (leg., gen., det. & fot.: Friedmar Graf)”. The situation in other European countries is unknown (no data found) (Fig. I, 1). Due to the economic importance of P. stultana, we considered it appropriate to carry out further investigations on its presence in the Zapponeta area and in the neighbouring agricultural territories characterized by open field and greenhouse cultivation. During our monitoring activities, from May 2022 to October 2022, we used funnel traps (Novapher, Milano, Italy) baited with sex pheromone (OPENNATUR SL, Lleida, Spain) (Fig. I, 2), butterfly nets during the day-time, and UV-LED light traps at night-time. The investigations involved two locations in the Puglia region (Manfredonia at 1 m asl and Margherita di Savoia at 1 m asl) (Fig. I, 3-4) and three locations in the Molise region (Montenero di Bisaccia at 120 m asl, Campomarino at 90 m asl, and Ferrazzano at 750 m asl), altogether extending over 100 km of the Adriatic belt. Pheromone traps were deployed at the five locations." Und das Ergebnis? Sie wurden fündig, wenn auch nur schwach: "Overall, 11 P. stultana males were captured with pheromone traps during the five months of monitoring. Ten males were found at the Manfredonia site (2 on 26 August and 8 on 5 October) and 1 male was trapped at the Margherita di Savoia site (on 26 August). On the contrary, the investigations carried out with the entomological net and the light trap did not lead to the capture of specimens."
Agassiz & Feltwell (2020) meldeten aus Großbritannien: Platynota stultana Walsingham, 1884 (Lep.: Tortricidae): an adventive species newly recorded from Britain". Und auf [nvwa.nl (van der Gaag & van der Straten (2017))] kann man erfahren, dass die Art auch schon bei Warenkontrollen in den Niederlanden gefunden wurde: "Korycinska et al. (2015) assessed the probability of establishment under protected condition as “Very likely” because of the findings in greenhouses in the USA for many decades. TRAGSATEC (2016) assessed the probability of establishment in protected cultivation as “High”. These high ratings are supported by findings of the pest on Capsicum fruit originating in Spain that are produced under protected conditions. The NPPO-NL has found the species on Capsicum fruit from Spain four times despite the fact that fruit originating in the EU is not systematically inspected (the findings of the species on Capsicum fruit were in December 2012, December 2014, January 2015 and December 2015). The USDA has also found P. stultana on Capsicum fruit imported from Spain (J. Brown, personal communication, August 2012)."
Grange et al. (2023: 189-190) berichten über erste Funde in Frankreich: Lionel Taurand erhielt beim Lichtfang in Mondonville (Haute-Garonne) am 28. und 30. Oktober 2022 je ein Männchen dieser Art. Bei ihrer Recherche stießen sie auf eine weitere Faltermeldung vom 18. Oktober 2022 von Elne in den Pyrénées-Orientales. Ob das der Beginn einer Etablierung war, wird sich zeigen.
(Autor: Erwin Rennwald)
4.3. Literatur
- Agassiz, D. J. L. & J. Feltwell (2020): Platynota stultana Walsingham, 1884 (Lep.: Tortricidae): an adventive species newly recorded from Britain. — The Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation 132 (4): 202-203. [Sekundärzitat nach entrecord.com]
- Gaag, D.J. van der & M. van der Straten (2017): Short Pest Risk Analysis for Platynota rostrana and Platynota stultana. — 10 S.; [Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority Ministry of Economic Affairs]. [zum PDF-Download auf nvwa.nl]
- Gilligan, T.M., Brown, J.W. & J. Baixeras (2020): Immigrant Tortricidae: Holarctic versus Introduced Species in North America. — Insects, 11 (594): 1-59. doi:10.3390/insects11090594 [zum open-access-Artikel auf mdpi.com]
- Grange, E., Grange, J.-C., Labonne, G., Nel, J., Taurand, L. & T. Varenne (2023): Quelques espèces nouvelles, introduites ou confirmées, pour la faune de France (Lepidoptera, Psychidae, Tineidae, Plutellidae, Glyphipterigidae, Depressariidae, Elachistidae, Coleophoridae et Tortricidae). — Revue de l'Association Roussillonnaise d'Entomologie, 32 (3): 183-191.
- Groenen, F. & J. Baixeras (2013): The “Omnivorous Leafroller”, Platynota stultana Walsingham, 1884 (Tortricidae: Sparganothini), a new moth for Europe. — Nota lepidopterologica 36 (1): 53-55 [zum Digitalisat auf biodiversitylibrary.org].
- Trematerra, P. & M. Colacci (2022): Platynota stultana Walsingham, 1884 (Lepidoptera Tortricidae) found in Italy, invasive pest in Europe. — Redia, 105: 183-189. [PDF auf redia.it]
- Erstbeschreibung: Walsingham (1884): North American Tortricidae. — Transactions of the Entomological Society of London for the Year 1884: 121-147, pl. IV.
